Korea Electric Power Corporation:発電所・企業SWOT分析

◆英語タイトル:Korea Electric Power Corporation - Power Plants and SWOT Analysis, 2017 Update
◆商品コード:DATA8014525
◆発行会社(調査会社):GlobalData
◆発行日:2017年11月24日
◆ページ数:287
◆レポート言語:英語
◆レポート形式:PDF
◆納品方法:Eメール
◆対象地域:グローバル
◆産業分野:発電・エネルギー
◆販売価格オプション(消費税別)
Single UserUSD1,000 ⇒換算¥148,000見積依頼/購入/質問フォーム
Site License(同一事業所内共有可)USD2,000 ⇒換算¥296,000見積依頼/購入/質問フォーム
Enterprisewide License(複数事業所内共有可)USD3,000 ⇒換算¥444,000見積依頼/購入/質問フォーム
販売価格オプションの説明はこちらでご利用ガイドはこちらでご確認いただけます。
※お支払金額は「換算金額(日本円)+消費税+配送料(Eメール納品は無料)」です。
※本体価格が¥30,000未満のレポートにつきましては、ハンドリングチャージ¥5,000が別途かかります。
※Eメールによる納品の場合、通常ご注文当日〜2日以内に納品致します。
※レポート納品後、納品日+5日以内に請求書を発行し、お客様宛に郵送しますので、請求書発行日より2ヶ月以内に振込をお願いします。
※為替レートは適宜修正・更新しております。リアルタイム更新ではありません。
※弊社H&Iグローバルリサーチ株式会社はGlobalData社の日本における正規販売代理店です。同社発行の企業調査レポートに関するお問い合わせは弊社までお願い致します。
GlobalData社の概要はこちらでご確認いただけます。



【レポートの概要】

Korea Electric Power Corporation – Power Plants and SWOT Analysis, 2017 Update
Summary

The report contains a detailed description of the power generation company’s business operations, history, corporate strategy, and business structure. This report contains a detailed SWOT analysis, information on key employees (executives), and major products and services.

Scope

- Major Power Plants (assets) – summarized and detailed information about the power plants (assets).
- Operational Metrics (capacity, generation, revenue, sales, number of consumers).
- Business description – A detailed description of the company’s operations and business divisions.
- Corporate strategy – GlobalData’s summarization of the company’s business strategy.
- SWOT analysis – A detailed analysis of the company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats.
- Company history – Progression of key events associated with the company.
- Major products and services – A list of major products, services and brands
- Key employees – A list of the key executives and personnel heading key departments/functions.
- Executive biographies – A brief summary of the executives’ employment history.
- Financial deals – Coverage of key financial deals from 2006 onwards, depending upon information availability
- Important locations and subsidiaries – A list of key locations and subsidiaries of the company, including contact details.

* Note: Some sections may be missing if data is unavailable for the company.

Reasons to buy

- Gain key insights into the company for academic or business research purposes. Key elements such as SWOT analysis, corporate strategy and major products and services are incorporated in the profile to assist in various business decisions (M&A and JV).
- Identify potential customers and suppliers with this report’s analysis of the company’s business structure, operations, major products and services and business strategy.
- Understand and respond to competitors’ business structure and strategies with GlobalData’s detailed SWOT analysis. In this, the company’s core strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are analyzed, providing an up to date objective view of the company.

【レポートの目次】

Table of Contents
Table of Contents 2
List of Tables 4
Company Snapshot 7
Key Information 7
Company Overview 7
SWOT Snapshot 7
Operational Metrics 8
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, By Capacity 8
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, By Generation 8
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, By Transmission 8
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, By Distribution 8
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, By Customers 9
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, By Segmental Information 9
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, By Sales 9
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Wind Farms 10
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Wind Farms, Republic of Korea 10
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Solar PV Parks 20
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Solar PV Parks, Vietnam 20
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Hydro Power Plants 30
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Hydro Power Plants, Republic of Korea 30
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Biopower Plants 34
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Biopower Plants, Republic of Korea 34
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Thermal Power Plants 36
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Thermal Power Plants, Republic of Korea 36
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Commercial Reactors 45
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Commercial Reactors, Republic of Korea 45
Business Description 50
Business Overview 50
Major Products and Services 51
History 52
SWOT Analysis 64
Overview 64
Korea Electric Power Corporation Strengths 64
Korea Electric Power Corporation Weaknesses 65
Korea Electric Power Corporation Opportunities 65
Korea Electric Power Corporation Threats 65
Financial Ratios – Capital Market Ratios 67
Financial Ratios – Annual Ratios 67
Financial Ratios – Interim Ratios 69
Key Employees 70
Key Employee Biographies 71
Company Statement 72
Locations And Subsidiaries 73
Head Office 73
Other Locations & Subsidiaries 73
Financial Deals Landscape 76
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Deals Summary 76
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Power, Deal Details 81
Asset Transactions 81
Partnerships 119
Debt Offering 135
Acquisition 181
Recent Developments 183
Korea Electric Power Corporation – Recent Developments 183
Appendix 278
Report Scope 278
GlobalData Coverage 278
GlobalData’s Methodology 278
Contact Us 279
Disclaimer 279

List of Tables
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Key Facts 14
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, Capacity 15
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, Generation 15
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, Transmission 15
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, Distribution 15
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, Customers 16
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, Segmental Information 16
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Operational Metrics, Sales 16
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Wind Farms, Republic of Korea 17
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Solar PV Parks, Vietnam 27
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Hydro Power Plants, Republic of Korea 37
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Biopower Plants, Republic of Korea 41
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Thermal Power Plants, Republic of Korea 43
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Commercial Reactors, Republic of Korea 52
Major Products and Services 58
Korea Electric Power Corporation, SWOT Analysis 71
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Ratios based on current share price 74
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Annual Ratios 74
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Interim Ratios 76
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Key Employees 77
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Other Locations 80
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Subsidiaries 81
Korea Electric Power Corporation, Deals Summary 83
Korea Electric Power Acquires Alamosa Solar Generating Power Plant in Colorado, US from Carlyle Group for USD34 Million 88
Korea Midland Power and BS Energy to Invest USD420 Million in Sipborpa Hydro Power Project situated in Jakarta, Indonesia 89
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, Daelim Industrial and Lotte Engineering & Construction to Invest USD350 Million in Athmuqam Hydro Power Plant in Islamabad, Pakistan 90
Marubeni, Korea Midland Power, Samtan and Indika Multi Energi to Invest USD2 Billion in Cirebon III Coal Fired Power Plant in West Java, Indonesia 91
Korea Electric Power and Vinakobalt to Invest USD3.1 Billion in Coal Fired Power Plant in Vietnam 92
Kepco Engineering & Construction to Acquire Core Technology Competence from E.ON 93
Korea Southern Power Invests USD320.2 Million in Andong Gas Fired Power Plant in South Korea 94
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power to Invest USD7 Billion in Shin Kori Nuclear Units V & VI in South Korea 95
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power To Invest US$3.1 Billion In Shin Hanul I Nuclear Power Plant In South Korea 96
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power To Invest US$3.1 Billion In Shin Hanul II Nuclear Power Plant In South Korea 97
Consortium Of Four Companies To Invest US$830 Million In Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Hydro Project In Laos 98
Consortium Of Four Companies Acquire Hydro Power Plant In Gulpur, Pakistan 99
Korea Midland Power Acquired 29% Stake In Navanakorn Thermal Power Plant In Thailand For US$16.7 Million 101
Samsung C&T and Korea Southern Power to Invest USD600 Million in BHP Kelar Gas Combined Power Plant in Antofagasta, Chile 102
Narmada Thermal Power and Korea Southern Power to Invest USD300 Million in Dahej Coal Fired Power Plant in, Bharuch, India 103
Korea South-East Power Acquires 50% Interest In Kode Novus I Wind Farm In US From Dewind 104
Korea Midland Power, Siam Steel Gratings And Toyo-Thai Invests US$9.4 Million In Siam Solar Power Plant Project In Thailand 105
Korea Southern Power Invests USD536 Million in Yeongwol Gas Fired Power Plant in Gang Won Province, South Korea 106
KOMIPO And POSCO To Invest US$1 Billion In Solar Power Plant In Nevada, US 107
Korea South-East Invests US$47 Million In Yeongheung Wind Power Project In Korea 108
Korea Midland Power To Invest US$100 Million In Hydro Power Plant In Dien Bien Province, Vietnam 109
KOSPO To Build US$2,949 Million Thermal Power Plant In Korea 110
Korea Rural, Korea Midland Power And Gyeonggi Province To Invest US$536m For Solar And Wind Power Plants In Gyeonggi Province, South Korea 111
Sumitomo Corporation And Kepco To Acquire Shuweihat S3 Gas Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant From ADWEA 112
Korea Electric Power Completes Project Financing of USD197 Million for Fujeij Wind Power Plant in Amman, Jordan 113
Emirates Nuclear Energy and Korea Electric Power Complete Project Financing of USD21.85 Billion for Barakah Nuclear Energy Project in Abu Dhabi 114
Korea Electric Power Announces Project Financing of USD79.4 Million for Solar Power Plant in Hokkaido, Japan 115
Mira Power Announces Project Financing of USD130 Million for Gulpur Hydro Power Plant in Pakistan 116
STX Solar And KOSEP Announce Project Financing For Solar Power Project In Japan 117
Aswar National, Concentrix Solar, KEPCO And KINCOA Announce Project Financing For Solar Power Project In Turkey 118
KOWEPO Completes Project Financing For Acquisition of 22.7% Stake In Pioneer Gas Power, Maharashtra, India 119
Korea South-East Power Led Consortium Announces Project Financing for Trishli-1 Hydroelectric Power Plant in Nepal 120
Sumitomo Corporation, KEPCO And ADWEA Announces Project Financing Of US$1,500 Million For Shuweihat S3 Power Plant In Abu Dhabi, UAE 121
SDN Company And KOSEP Complete Project Financing Of US$200 Million For Two Solar PV Projects In Bulgaria 123
KST Electric Power Completes Project Financing Of US$450 Million For CCGT Project In Chihuahua, Mexico 124
KEPCO, Samsung And Techint Complete Project Financing Of US$300 Million For Norte II Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant, Mexico 125
Protean Energy Forms Joint Venture with KEPCO Plant Service and Engineering 126
Emirates Nuclear Energy Forms Joint Venture with Korea Electric Power 127
Kenya Nuclear Electricity to Form Partnership with Korea Electric Power, Korea Nuclear Association and KEPCO International Graduate School 128
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Forms Partnership with Energoatom 129
Korea Electric Power to Form Partnership with Carlyle 130
SoftBank to Form Partnership with Korea Electric Power and Newcom 131
Korea Offshore Wind Power Forms Partnership with Wind Minds 132
SoftBank Forms Partnership with State Grid, Korea Electric Power and Rosseti 133
Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Forms Partnership with KEPCO Engineering & Construction 134
Southern Company Services Forms Partnership with Korea Electric Power 135
Bruce Power and Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Form Partnership 136
Kibo Mining Forms Partnership With Korea East-West Power For Rukwa Coal Fired Power Plant 137
Samsung Heavy Industries Forms Joint Venture with Korea Southern Power to Develop Daejeong Offshore Wind Farm 138
Daewoo Shipbuilding To Form Partnership With Korea South-East Power And SPECO To Develop Novus II Wind Farm In US 139
KEPCO E&C To Form Joint Venture With Korea Midland Power 140
KEPCO Engineering & Construction Forms Partnership With Daelim Industrial 141
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Raises USD62 Million in Public Offering of 2.498% Bonds Due 2027 142
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Raises USD71 Million in Public Offering of 2.472% Bonds Due 2047 143
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Raises USD44.3 Million in Public Offering of 2.027% Bonds Due 2020 144
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Raises USD61.7 Million in Public Offering of 1.859% Bonds Due 2020 145
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Raises USD70.5 Million in Public Offering of 2.368% Bonds Due 2027 146
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Raises USD132.2 Million in Public Offering of 2.408% Bonds Due 2047 147
Korea Western Power Raises USD44.2 Million in Public Offering of 2.435% Bonds Due 2027 148
Korea Western Power Raises USD88.3 Million in Public Offering of 2.508% Bonds Due 2037 149
Korea Midland Power Raises USD17.8 Million in Private Placement of Bond Due 2027 150
Korea Midland Power Raises USD62.3 Million in Private Placement of Bond Due 2032 151
Korea Midland Power Raises USD115.7 Million in Private Placement of Bond Due 2037 152
Korea Southern Power Raises USD71.2 Million in Public Offering of 1.873% Bonds Due 2020 153
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Raises USD300 Million in Public Offering of 3.125% Bonds Due 2027 154
Korea Southern Power Raises USD86 Million in Public Offering of 2.568% Bonds Due 2037 155
Korea Southern Power Raises USD51.6 Million in Public Offering of 2.17% Bonds Due 2022 156
Korea Southern Power Raises USD43 Million in Public Offering of 2.471% Bonds Due 2027 157
Korea East-West Power Raises USD500 Million in Public Offering of 2.625% Notes Due 2022 158
Korea Southern Power Raises USD97.4 Million in Public Offering of 2.497% Bonds Due 2037 160
Korea Southern Power Raises USD44.5 Million in Public Offering of 2.082% Bonds Due 2022 161
Korea Southern Power Raises USD44.5 Million in Public Offering of 2.343% Bonds Due 2027 162
Korea Western Power Raises USD300 Million in Public Offering of 2.625% Notes Due 2019 163
Korea East-West Power Completes Public Offering Of 2.625% Bonds Due 2018 For US$500 Million 165
Korea Electric Power Completes Public Offering Of 1.5% Bonds Due 2019 For US$219.5 Million 166
Korea Western Power Raises USD500 Million in Public Offering of 2.875% Senior Unsecured Notes, Due 2018 167
Korea Western Power Raises USD162 Million in Public Offering of 1.625% Bonds Due 2019 169
Korea Southern Power Raises USD300 Million in Public Offering of 1.875% Notes Due 2018 170
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Completes Private Placement Of 3% Notes Due 2022 For US$750 Million 171
Korea Southern Power Raises USD87.5 Million in Public Offering of 3.18% Bonds Due 2019 172
Korea Southern Power Raises USD78.7 Million in Public Offering of 3.18% Bonds Due 2022 173
Korea Southern Power Raises USD96.2 Million in Public Offering of 3.31% Bonds Due 2027 174
Korea East-West Power Raises USD500 Million in Private Placement of 2.5% Notes Due 2017 175
Korea Midland Power Completes Public Offering Of 3.57% Debentures Due 2017 For US$86.3 Million 176
Korea Midland Power Completes Public Offering Of 3.77% Debentures Due 2022 For US$172.7 Million 177
Korea Western Power Raises USD500 Million in Public Offering of 3.125% Notes Due 2017 178
Korea Midland Power Completes Public Offering Of 3.85% Debentures Due 2017 For US$133 Million 179
Korea Midland Power Completes Public Offering Of 3.89% Debentures Due 2019 For US$44.3 Million 180
Korea Midland Power Completes Public Offering Of 4.28% Debentures Due 2015 For US$112.5 Million 181
Korea South-East Power Prices Public Offering Of 3.625% Bonds Due 2017 For US$300 Million 182
Korea Midland Power Completes Public Offering Of 4.25% Debentures Due 2016 For US$112.5 Million 183
Korea Midland Power Completes Public Offering Of 4.16% Debentures Due 2015 For US$75 Million 184
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Completes Private Placement Of 4.75% Bonds Due 2021 For US$500 Million 185
Korea Midland Power Completes Public Offering Of 4.07% Debentures Due 2014 For US$137 Million 186
Korea Midland Power Completes Public Offering Of 4.24% Debentures Due 2015 For US$139 Million 187
Korea Western Power Acquires 22.7% Stake In Pioneer Gas Power 188
Korea East-West Power Completes Acquisition Of 40% Interest In Jamaica Public Service From Marubeni 189

★海外企業調査レポート[Korea Electric Power Corporation:発電所・企業SWOT分析]についてメールでお問い合わせはこちら

■おすすめ企業レポート■
  • Temple Hotels Inc.:企業の戦略・SWOT・財務分析
    Temple Hotels Inc. - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report Summary Temple Hotels Inc. - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report, is a source of comprehensive company data and information. The report covers the company's structure, operation, SWOT analysis, product and service offerings and …
  • Himatsingka Seide Ltd.:戦略・SWOT・企業財務分析
    Himatsingka Seide Ltd. - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report Summary Himatsingka Seide Ltd. - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report, is a source of comprehensive company data and information. The report covers the company's structure, operation, SWOT analysis, product and service offer …
  • Ego Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd:企業の戦略的SWOT分析
    Ego Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd - Strategic SWOT Analysis Review provides a comprehensive insight into the company’s history, corporate strategy, business structure and operations. The report contains a detailed SWOT analysis, information on the company’s key employees, key competitors and major product …
  • GATT Technologies BV:製品パイプライン分析
    Summary GATT Technologies BV (GATT Technologies) is a medical technology company, which develops synthetic surgical hemostat and sealant products that control severe bleeding. Its product pipeline includes GATT-Patch for controlling excessive bleeding; GATT-Tape for blocking intestinal anastomotic l …
  • Advanced Proteome Therapeutics Corp (APC):製薬・医療:M&Aディール及び事業提携情報
    Summary Advanced Proteome Therapeutics Corporation (APC) is a biopharmaceutical company that focuses on the development of anticancer therapeutics that capitalizes on the properties of a natural human protein. It creates, develops and commercializes novel therapies. The company is advancing a site-s …
  • Sunquest Information Systems Inc:企業の戦略的SWOT分析
    Sunquest Information Systems Inc - Strategic SWOT Analysis Review provides a comprehensive insight into the company’s history, corporate strategy, business structure and operations. The report contains a detailed SWOT analysis, information on the company’s key employees, key competitors and major pr …
  • Harbin Electric International Co Ltd:企業の戦略的SWOT分析
    Harbin Electric International Co Ltd - Strategic SWOT Analysis Review provides a comprehensive insight into the company’s history, corporate strategy, business structure and operations. The report contains a detailed SWOT analysis, information on the company’s key employees, key competitors and majo …
  • Aptiv Plc. (APTV):企業の財務・戦略的SWOT分析
    Aptiv Plc. (APTV) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review provides you an in-depth strategic SWOT analysis of the company’s businesses and operations. The profile has been compiled by GlobalData to bring to you a clear and an unbiased view of the company’s key strengths and weaknesses and the …
  • Stingray Digital Group Inc.:企業のM&A・事業提携・投資動向
    Stingray Digital Group Inc. - Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A), Partnerships & Alliances and Investment Report Summary Marketline's Stingray Digital Group Inc. Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A), Partnerships & Alliances and Investments report includes business description, detailed reports on mergers and acq …
  • AKB Rosbank:企業の戦略・SWOT・財務情報
    AKB Rosbank - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report Summary AKB Rosbank - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report, is a source of comprehensive company data and information. The report covers the company's structure, operation, SWOT analysis, product and service offerings and corporate act …
  • OncoSil Medical Ltd (OSL)-医療機器分野:企業M&A・提携分析
    Summary OncoSil Medical Ltd (OncoSil), formerly NeuroDiscovery Ltd is a medical device company that develops and commercializes treatments for patients with pancreatic and liver cancer. The company’s lead product include oncosil, a brachytherapy device that emits beta radiation and is implanted dire …
  • Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation:企業の戦略・SWOT・財務情報
    Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report Summary Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report, is a source of comprehensive company data and information. The report covers the company's structure, operation, SWOT analysis, p …
  • ON Semiconductor Corp (ON):企業の財務・戦略的SWOT分析
    ON Semiconductor Corp (ON) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review provides you an in-depth strategic SWOT analysis of the company’s businesses and operations. The profile has been compiled by GlobalData to bring to you a clear and an unbiased view of the company’s key strengths and weaknesse …
  • InterGen:企業の戦略的SWOT分析
    InterGen - Strategic SWOT Analysis Review provides a comprehensive insight into the company’s history, corporate strategy, business structure and operations. The report contains a detailed SWOT analysis, information on the company’s key employees, key competitors and major products and services. Thi …
  • Vermillion Inc (VRML):医療機器:M&Aディール及び事業提携情報
    Summary Vermillion Inc (Vermillion) is a medical device company that discovers, develops and markets diagnostic and bio-analytical solutions that supports physicians to diagnose, treat and improve gynecologic health outcomes for women. The company’s in vitro diagnostic test OVA1, a simple blood test …
  • Clean Harbors Inc (CLH):石油・ガス:M&Aディール及び事業提携情報
    Summary Clean Harbors Inc (Clean Harbors) is a provider of environmental, industrial and energy services. The company offers waste disposal and recycling, emergency response, chemical packing, field services, production services, exploration services, directional boring, lodging services and onsite …
  • PT Jakarta International Hotels & Development Tbk:企業の戦略・SWOT・財務情報
    PT Jakarta International Hotels & Development Tbk - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report Summary PT Jakarta International Hotels & Development Tbk - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report, is a source of comprehensive company data and information. The report covers the company's structur …
  • Banco Occidental de Descuento:企業の戦略・SWOT・財務分析
    Banco Occidental de Descuento - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report Summary Banco Occidental de Descuento - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report, is a source of comprehensive company data and information. The report covers the company's structure, operation, SWOT analysis, product and …
  • Jadranka dd:企業の戦略・SWOT・財務分析
    Jadranka dd - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report Summary Jadranka dd - Strategy, SWOT and Corporate Finance Report, is a source of comprehensive company data and information. The report covers the company's structure, operation, SWOT analysis, product and service offerings and corporate act …
  • Psychemedics Corp (PMD):企業の財務・戦略的SWOT分析
    Summary Psychemedics Corp (Psychemedics) is a clinical laboratory service provider. The company provides testing for drugs abuse using hair analysis. It offers drug panel, workplace drug testing, personal drug testing kits, school drug testing, alcohol testing, synthetic cannabinoids testing, benzod …

◆H&Iグローバルリサーチ株式会社のお客様(例)◆